Analysis of Major Characters Hannah Jarvis

In the battle among feeling and reason in Arcadia, Hannah Jarvis goes about as the voice of reason. Hannah is simply the scholarly, women's activist specialist who prides on exhaustive and very much idea examination and penances human contact for it. Hannah, similar to Thomasina's portrayal of Queen Elizabeth, can isolate sex from scholarly force and, for her situation, push sex from see. Hannah opposes sexual relations with exertion: she doesn't care for having her image taken or submitting to a kiss, she declines Valentine's concept of calling her his fiancee, and she hates Gus' tease. The greater part of all, Hannah rejects Bernard's suggestion that Lord Byron would have been senseless enough to execute somebody out of adoration. It appears that Hannah did, at a certain point, realize love however has chosen to seek after better things (â€Å"I don't have the foggiest idea about a more terrible deal. Accessible sex against not being permitted to flatulate in bed†). Hannah's dismissal of affection or information on adoration has left her ignorant of her own self. It seems like she has hoodwinked herself into scholastic sterility. Bernard reveals to Hannah that, in the event that she comprehended herself somewhat better, she wouldn't have kept in touch with her first book about Caroline Lamb, a sentimental â€Å"waffle. When Hannah storms into Bernard's talk and intrudes on his discourse about Lord Byron executing somebody for affection, Chloe turns clinician for Hannah and pleasantly inquires as to whether she has been profoundly injured before. Hannah can' t, in any case, dismiss the adoration for the bashful Gus. The quiet kid and secret of the cutting edge Croom family unit can break Hannah, he can get her to hit the dance floor with her. Gus' virtuoso characteristics, much like Thomasina before him, make him not just intellectually like the subject of Hannah's investigations, however give him an instinctive feeling of history. Peruse additionally Analysis of Characters in Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own† As a quiet detachment and association with the past of Sidley Park, Gus gives Hannah the apple Septimus will eat and whose leaf Thomasina will depict. Gus likewise dresses Augustus in Regency wear, finds the establishment for the annihilated storehouse, uncovers the personality of the Sidley Park Hermit and approaches Hannah for a truly necessary move and grasp. Hannah acknowledges Gus' greeting for obscure reasons, however potentially his significance and help with her own examination play in with the general mish-mash and positively a genuine requirement for licentious grasp. ThomasinaThomasina is the young lady virtuoso of amazing magnitude. Thomasina instinctively knows the second law of thermodynamics and can disprove determinism dependent on her thoughts. Thomasina is an ordinary thirteen and afterward sixteen-year-old young lady, aside from the way that she is strangely special and is given surprising instructive chances. In spite of the fact that Lady Croom discloses to Thomasina that she should marry before she is overeducated, Lady Croom appears to be uninterested at the power of her kid's work until Thomasina approaches the age of seventeen. Thomasina is unmistakably determined by scholastic enthusiasm as well as by a craving for sexual information. In the principal scene, during her exercise with Septimus, Thomasina asks Septimus to mention to her what a â€Å"carnal embrace† is. From the primary pages of the book, Stoppard clarifies a duel reason inside Thomasina's characterâ€to find the standards of life and love while likewise working out the guidelines of science. Thomasina's methodology, including both animalistic and scholarly information, drives her to extraordinary achievement since she comprehends the standards of warmth. Warmth, which becomes likened with sexual information, is the way in to Thomasina's hypothesis. Explicitly verbalized by Chloe, Thomasina's cutting edge partner, Thomasina's hypothesis holds that sex destroys the Newtonian Universe since it is totally irregular. Thomasina is unexpectedly immersed in the fire that she once appeared to see superior to anybody. Her awful demise, at the night before her womanhood, drives Septimus to spend his lifetime sadly endeavoring to demonstrate Thomasina's speculation. The last three step dance that Thomasina and Septimus share toward the finish of play uncovers a fundamental criticalness for sexual information between all individuals. While the two discussion about the finish of the Earth, it appears Thomasina realizes her end will be close. There is a comprehension among guide and understudy in the finish of the play; Thomasina and Septimus both comprehend the restrictions of and the eventually unfulfilling nature of scholarly information. Septimus and Thomasina move and grasp to delight in the riddle they will never comprehend. Bernard NightingaleBernard, the advanced and dandy scholastic, uncovers the risk of permitting present inspirations to jump in front of notable certainties. Bernard's hypothesis, that Lord Byron executed Mr. Chater in a sweetheart's duel, is the result of his desire for distinction and acknowledgment. The proof that Bernard assembles appears to be crude, best case scenario and the consequence of his hypothesis and distribution of his outcomes is obvious from the beginning. Bernard never brings the dispassionate, third letter in front of an audience, and it stays indistinct how Byron got i t together of Septimus' book. By and by, Bernard can't control himself. Without a doubt mirroring Stoppard's own analysis on scholarly enthusiasm, Bernard disregards Hannah's issues with his hypothesis for snappy distinction. Bernard has little enthusiasm for the Croom family other than a chance to bring him acknowledgment. However, Bernard, in spite of his errors, is basic to Hannah finding the personality of the recluse. While tempting Chloe in the library stacks, Bernard sees â€Å"something between her legs,† a contemporary record of the loner's personality that portrays the recluse's turtle, Plautus. This is Bernard at his best, his sole helpful commitment into the Croom puzzle. Bernard is one character who isn't helped by his sexual information, in spite of his disclosure while as far as anyone knows having intercourse (the advanced record of the loner). Bernard's straightforward proposition to Hannah and enchantment of Chloe do close to win him a reliable young fan. Bernard does, in any case, appear to know more than Hannah on account of his alleged information. Bernard reveals to Hannah that she wouldn't have composed a book about Caroline Lamb in the event that she had realized herself better. However, it stays hazy why Bernard didn't have any acquaintance with himself better than to distribute his outcomes about Lord Byron before having progressively solid verification of the hypothesis. It is apparent that neither scholarly nor waterway information alone will do. Topics, Motifs, and SymbolsThemesEmotion versus IntellectThere are two sorts of information in Arcadia: the information on affection and scholastic information. These two sorts of information are in consistent clash all through the content. It is just the suggestion of marriage, the scholarly defense for sex, which permits a goals between the two powers. The subject of adoration versus insight is addressed in the main pages of the play. Thomasina intrudes on her exercise with Septimus by asking what sexual relations is. Sexual information consistently acts in strife with scholarly information, and here it hinders the exercise. Thomasina likewise comments on the contention among feeling and astuteness in her history exercise. Her inquiry is provoked by Septimus himself who was found engaging in sexual relations with Mrs. Chater in the gazebo the day preceding. Thomasina portrays Cleopatra as making â€Å"noodles of our sex† in light of the fact that Cleopatra was debilitated by affection. Thomasina messengers Queen Elizabeth who might not have been enticed by adoration to part with land or force. The incomparable Hannah Jarvis is, similar to Thomasina's Queen Elizabeth, unswayed by sentimental interests. She accepts, as does Thomasina, that sentimental tendencies would pulverize or divert her from her work. Hannah declines warmth or feeling: she rejects a kiss, denies Bernard's recommendations, chuckles at Valentine's proposition, and forgets about Gus' tease. In any case, Hannah, as Thomasina, Septimus, and Gus all three step dance at the finish of the play. Hannah can't decline feeling or the shy Gus before the finish of the play and is brought into an awkward and uncomfortable move. The contention among feeling and acumen is settled in light of the fact that Hannah out of nowhere comprehends that the two are indivisible. Hannah is dissimilar to Thomasina, who unknowingly gets this, determined mightily by the secret of both. The Mystery of SexSex remains the last secret of Arcadia. Septimus, in the finish of the play, uncovers the last pity and vacancy of a scholarly life: â€Å"When we have discovered all the riddles and lost all the significance, we will be distant from everyone else, on a vacant shore. † Septimus suggests that the puzzles of science will some time or another be settled. As though knowing his own destiny, Septimus grasps and kisses Thomasina vigorously, at long last enjoying the secret of his fascination and love. Septimus won't go to Thomasina's room, despite the fact that she asks him, however he is limited for an explanation that remaining parts obscure. Septimus understands the eventually unfulfilling nature of scholarly advancement however will just shockingly encounter the satisfying idea of affection for a short second in a three step dance and kiss with Thomasina. In a similar way, Hannah Jarvis submits to a hit the dance floor with Gus. She, as Septimus, has settled her puzzle and now seeks Gus for satisfaction and new riddles. The Path of KnowledgeSeptimus depicts to Thomasina the way of information, a mankind that drops information and learning as it gets new thoughts and improvements. Septimus discloses to Thomasina she ought not be annoyed with the loss of the library of Alexandria on the grounds that such disclosures will be had once more, in some other time and potentially in another dialect. This story is amusing to the destiny of Thomasina's own revelations that aren't uncovered until 1993 by Valentine. Thomasina's revelations are made once more: confusion hypothesis and thermodynamics are formal ideas when her groundwork is found and broke down. Utopia fills in as mankind's very own depiction movement of information. While Thomasina and Septimus make new disclosures, Hannah and Valentine wor

How to Purify Sodium Chloride From Rock Salt

The most effective method to Purify Sodium Chloride From Rock Salt Rock salt or halite is a mineral the contains sodium chloride (table salt) just as different minerals and debasements. You can expel the majority of these contaminants utilizing two basic refinement methods: filtration and dissipation. Materials Rock saltWaterSpatulaFilter paperFunnelEvaporating dishBeaker or graduated cylinderTripodBunsen burner Filtration On the off chance that the stone salt is one enormous lump, pound it into a powder utilizing a mortar and pestle or an espresso grinder.Add 30-50 milliliters of water to 6 storing spatula scoops of rock salt.Stir to break down the salt.Place the channel paper in the mouth of the funnel.Place the dissipating dish under the pipe to gather the liquid.Slowly empty the stone salt arrangement into the pipe. Ensure you dont over-fill the pipe. You dont need the fluid to stream around the highest point of the channel paper since then it isnt getting filtered.Save the fluid (filtrate) that gets through the channel. A considerable lot of the mineral contaminants didn't break down in the water and were deserted on the channel paper. Dissipation Spot the vanishing dish containing the filtrate on the tripod.Position the Bunsen burner under the tripod.Slowly and cautiously heat the dissipating dish. In the event that you apply a lot of warmth, you could break the dish.Gently heat the filtrate until all the water is no more. Its alright if the salt precious stones murmur and move a little.Turn off the burner and gather your salt. Albeit a few pollutions stay in the materials, a significant number of them were evacuated just by utilizing the distinction in dissolvability in water, mechanical filtration, and by applying warmth to drive off unstable mixes. Crystallization On the off chance that you need to additionally refine the salt, you can disintegrate your item in heated water and take shape the sodium chloride from it.

Tips For Breaking Into Freelance Writing

Tips For Breaking Into Freelance Writing If you’re looking to enter the freelance writing market, then there are many factors to consider before taking the leap. How do you get jobs? Where can you market your skills? How do you charge for your work? How much can you make? Freelance writing can be rewarding and lucrative. Or, it can be frustrating and the equivalent of slave labor. The difference between the two is the amount of preparation you put into your new career. Here are some tips to help you start freelance writing: Define your niche If you’re hiring a writer for an education blog, who would you choose: a writer who specializes in writing about education or a writer who writes about sports, coding, Japanese cuisine, fashion and education? While it may seem like a good idea to branch out and explore writing about all your different areas of interest. In fact, the best way to start freelance writing is to define yourself as an expert in a specific area. The more focused your writing is in the beginning, the easier it will be for you to market yourself in that niche. The more you write on one subject, the greater your credibility becomes. Being a jack-of-all-trades isn’t the best way to catch the attention of publishers for a nascent freelancer. Focus on one area and see what that yields first. What do you offer? Are you the fastest content writer on the web? Can you meet crushing deadlines in a single afternoon? Are you a highly skilled researcher who unearths credible and interesting facts that defy the skills of other writers out there? Have you written any viral posts? Are you considered a thought leader in a certain area? Start to think about the market value of your skills. If you’re lucky enough to have a gaggle of writer friends, ask them to help you define these skill areas. Writers are great at identifying other writer’s strengths. Start a blog If you don’t have any published work to show, then write a blog. It’s the fastest, cheapest and easiest way to get published and start building your credentials as a writer. Make sure your blog is focused on your niche. If you have a blog with a lot of posts, you may want to include links to your most successful or most relevant posts when sending out writing samples. Get a website If you have a fair amount of writing to show off already, then it may be worth investing in a website. A writer who has invested in a website has also invested in their professional life as a writer. It’s where you’ll include samples and links to your writing, highlight your skills and include testimonials and reviews. You’ll also list your rates there. Learn to pitch This is the essence of freelance writing and it’s the difference between a successful freelancer and an unsuccessful one. The more you pitch, the better you get at it. Pitching is about the math. Keep sending out pitches and don’t stop. It may seem intimidating at first or perhaps you’re scared of rejection. Overcome those feelings, and they will completely evaporate when you get your first Yes. Tips for a good pitch: Do research and craft your message to reflect the style and concept of the site, journal or magazine you want to be published in. Be specific and brief. Long-winded pitches will probably not be read until the end. Make sure the most important information is in the beginning of the pitch and that it captures the essence of your idea. Let them know who you are and where they can find out more about you by including links to websites, blogs and other published work. If you don’t hear back after two weeks, send out a brief follow-up message, summarizing your initial pitch. Decide how and how much to charge This can be the most confusing part of breaking into a freelance writing career: how much should you charge? How should you charge: by hour or by piece? Do different kinds of writing demand different prices? Luckily, Writer’s Market publishes a fee guide for writers. It’s one of the most useful price guides for writers out there. There’s also the question of when you should charge. You should definitely receive a payment before you start ghost-writing a book. However it’s common to get paid after the work has been delivered for web content and print articles. Don’t accept low wages for your writing. It won’t be worth it financially and may demoralize you. Many websites offer abysmally low wages for articles. But that doesn’t mean you have to accept it. Hold out for the higher paying jobs. They’re out there. Accepting low wages is kind of like ending up flipping burgers at McDonald’s when you expected to be head chef at a Michelin starred restaurant. Be financially prepared Make sure you set realistic goals about your potential earnings as a freelance writer. It’s possible to make six figures as a freelancer, but it takes time and dedication. And you probably won’t be earning this your first year in, nor your second. If you’re trying to take a serious step into a new career as a freelancer, it’s best if you have some savings set aside while you climb the learning curve. In the beginning, you’re more likely to have trouble charging clients or getting paid. You will also go through some awkward phases where you take on too much or too little work and your income may feel a little bit like a roller-coaster. With time, you can start to smooth out the fluctuations and have a stable income.

Internet Shopping - Good or Bad - 1598 Words

centerbShopping on the Internet is increasing but would you do business this way?/b/center br brThe Internet?s popularity has dramatically escalated over the past few years and has become an integral part of daily life. It has wide spread uses ranging from, obtaining information, downloading files, business advertisement to Internet commerce, which plays a major part in Internet practice. Our social structure is pressuring society to connect to the Internet, with schools world wide becoming more Web based and universities now have lectures, which can be solely viewed over the Internet. Within the next few years the potential and capabilities of the Internet are endless. With that in mind the following assignment will examine a†¦show more content†¦privacy and confidentiality. ?The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) scrutiny of 229 Australian websites uncovered credit card fraud, privacy breaches and poor trading safeguards by e-commerce retailers.? (Perfectly Private Inc, Shopping Privacy Concerns br brMany web sites try to tailor their market towards each individual customer. Many merchant sites greet you by name and offer you products that the consumer had purchased through other web pages. This information is obtained from cookie files that are located on Internet users hard drives that keep track of the Internet sites users visit. In turn, the merchant sites that use that information to make the customers Internet experience and more personalised, at the expense of the customer?s privacy. br brPractically all-leading online retailers store your identification, shipping address and credit card numbers, so you won?t have to continuously input those details every time you visit that web page. Many merchants web sites ask consumers for additional information so they can customize their shopping experience and thus sell the consumers more. 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Intercultural Employee Motivation And Rewards - 2028 Words

B673I A03: M3 Assignment 2 Syed M. Kazmi Argosy University Professor: Dr. David Rall Module 3: Assignment 2 – Intercultural Employee Motivation and Rewards March 11, 2015 According to (Olve, Roy and Wetter , 1999), it is important to understand motivation and cultural influences to define reward system. It is essentials for a meaningful and measurable reward system to motivate employees and to provide opportunities for professional development. Meaningful reward system is a prospect for management to highlight the accomplishment during the specific time period. It is essential to understand the perception triggered by culture, generation gap, and exposure individual might have to comprehend the reason behind reward system. (Olve et al., 1999) argue that reward system ought to be measured based on good intention and work shown by an employee during specific time period at the current position. 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Successful motivation in multicultural team†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 4. Miscommunication in an international team†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...9 4. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 5. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...12 Read MoreEffective Cross Cultural Methods in Managing an Internaional Team3236 Words   |  13 Pagesbusiness and of course in personal life, it is very typical for Mexicans overlapping relationships with the employees and the boss or staff among themselves in the personal areas. This personal experiences with these illustrate the article from Intercultural Management Guide where the Mexican business culture is described like strongly built on interpersonal relationships. In Mexico it is very common to inquire about personal background, family and interests. And the thing which is really surprisingRead MoreThe Theory Of Management And Management1690 Words   |  7 Pageschanging world. Motivation of need and want are continuously changing in this rapidly world, manager are need to require to understand and identify what employees requirement and satisfaction level in 21st century, thus by recruiting the right person to the right spot manager will need to involves excellence and appropriate leadership skills, furthermore managers nowadays offer employees various rewards of motivation showing that they will embraced the primary factor of motivation â€Å"their pocket paper†

The War Poems of Wilfred Owen - Contradicting the...

Contradicting the Classical Ideas of Heroism and Romanticism in Dulce et Decorum est, The Send Off, But I Was Looking At The Permanent Stars, The Deadbeat soldier, Counter Attack, Metal Cases and other War Poems by Wilfred Owen Owen displays the reality of war, atypically shown in 20th century literature. By divulging the secrecies and terrors of brutal warfare, he exposes the superficiality of valor and false heroism; through his vivid writing, he opens the eyelids of his readers and discloses, â€Å"the old lie (Owen, Dulce et Decorum est, 25). Owen breaks idealism, replacing it with illness, physical injuries, exhaustion, fatigue and personal hells. Contrasting the Hemingway code hero, Owen displays the reality of war, which†¦show more content†¦Reality equals death. Pain is in existence and the pangs of murder rip up the throats of the prayer-less men, like toxic acid from Satan’s belly. Life is but a savage beast and its harpoon is sleep. In consciousness they have to deal with the bitter realities of war; pain and memories, the latter being the strongest. In this eternal dream all is at peace and harsh memories are discarded. A soldier becomes godlike granting life or death, â€Å" a creature of benevolence bestowing rest on the exhausted soldier, a blessed relief after the stresses of war( Musil, 256).† â€Å"First sleep took him by the brow then the second took him by the heart(257).† The death is a momentary disturbance to the forgiving REM cycle and then life â€Å"ebbs away and stillness ensues (256).† â€Å"Asleep†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.sleep†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦sleeping†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦sleepy(256),† the repetition magnifies a sense of peace. â€Å"Men marched asleep (Dulce et Decorum est, 7),† the idea of sleep and fatigue are very prevalent in Owen’s works. Owen talks of â€Å"in all my dreams†/†smothering dreams (15).† The men are clumsy and fumbling. They â€Å"turned their backs (3)† against the sheets of shelled rain. They become blink, dead, in helpless sight. Consciousness equals pain and reality equals realization; the realization of lost lives, unfaithful wives and fleeting youths. Owen questions the sizing up of men through courage and bravery. In Dulce et Decorum est Owen questions, â€Å"pro propane mori, dulce et decorum est

What does it mean to be American Essay Example For Students

What does it mean to be American? Essay The beliefs of this great nation speak every language. These beliefs stretch from the furthest reaches of Africa to the city life of New York. These beliefs are pride, freedom, and equality. American means to be proud. It means to stand up for what you believe in and to fight for it wholeheartedly. American also means to have freedom, freedoms to do what you wish, to practice your own religious ceremonies, customs, and beliefs. With these freedoms comes a responsibility, a responsibility to be accountable for your actions. Equality is the basis of American society. Before equality for all, there was slavery. With this slavery came accounts of cruelty and disillusioned violence. Without help from first hand accounts of slaves such as Frederick Douglass and Olaudah Equiano, we would have never emerged from this dark era in American history. American music is the envy of nations around the world. From Led Zeppelin to Snoop Doggy Dog, American music continues to diversify and grow. American bands develop large masses of followers in nations of all different ethnic backgrounds. From Asia to Germany, American music continues to influence the music styles of the rest of the world. Proud American men and women joined the armed forces to serve the country that they love and protect. These people show what it means to be American. Just as the colonists fought the British for Independence in April Morning, they risk their lives, for something they believe in and cherish. These same people also stand for exploration and discovery. The first white people lead by Captain Smith, traveled to the newly discovered Americas, to explore and colonize. They show the American strength of character, determination, and will. To be American is to be many things. It means different things to different people, yet they all agree on the basic American fundamentals. The beliefs, music, and people of a country define the essence of that nation.

Diabetes And Types Essays - Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes

Diabetes And Types Diabetes Diabetes is little or no ability to move glucose out of the blood into the red blood cells. Nearly 16 million people have diabetes in the United States, which narrows it down to about 1 out of every seventeen people. About 2,150 new cases are diagnosed each day. Many of us do not clearly know what diabetes is and the different categories that it is classified in. The first type of diabetes that will be discussed is type 1 diabetes and steps that can be taken to diagnose diabetes. The second type of diabetes that will be talked about will be type 2 diabetes and how it effects patients. The third type of diabetes is gestational diabetes and how exercise can help control diabetes. This paper discusses type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes, their causes, diagnosis, treatments, and how they effect the patient. The first type of diabetes that will be talked about will be type 1 diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. People with type 1 diabetes dont produce insulin and need regular shots of it to keep their blood glucose levels normal (What is Diabetes, Type 1). Almost half of the people with this type of diabetes are aged 20 and younger (Bernstein 167). That is why type 1 diabetes was once called juvenile onset diabetes, but the name has been dropped because it also strikes young adults. Type 1 diabetes accounts for only about 5 to 10 percent of the disease. The vast majority has type 2 diabetes. Risk factors for type 1 diabetes are a family history of the disease, the white race and being at an age less than 20. Half the people diagnosed with type 1 diabetes are under the age of 20. One of the causes of type 1 diabetes are genetics. Scientist suspect that heredity plays a major role in type 1 diabetes and researchers have found several genes that appear to increase the risk of ty pe 1 . Another cause is viruses. Type 1 diabetes often strikes shortly after a viral infection. The viruses that cause this are mumps, German measles, and a close relative of the virus that causes polio. Another cause is chemicals and drugs. Studies show that ingestion of pyrinimil, a poison used to kill rats, can trigger type 1 diabetes. So can the prescription drug pentamidine, used to treat pneumonia. The last cause is cows milk. Cows milk contains a protein similar to a protein found on beta cells. Exposure to cows milk during infancy may increase the risk of type 1 diabetes (Diabetes Research Institute). There are many different procedures that can be taken for the diagnosis of diabetes. A series of light flashes, each at a different wavelength is used to excite various proteins in the eye, each according to a particular length and the proteins emit fluorescent light. The pattern of light emissions reflects the distribution of carious proteins, which changes according to various psychological conditions (Scientific American Medical 22). This new method is based on synchronous fluorescent spectrometry, which combines a detector with a light source to measure the intensity of light emitted by proteins in the eye from each wavelength shown into the eye. A computer then compares the patients peaks and valleys of such measurements with corresponding spectra form normal and diabetic eyes. Any one of the following three tests shows the diagnosis values for diabetes: a measurement of fasting plasma glucose, a blood test done after not eating for 8 hours, showing more than 125 mg/dl, and a or al glucose tolerance test after the person drinks a sugar solution containing 75 grams in glucose in which the blood sugar levels is more than 199 mg/dl at 2 hours (Matinas 28). Two abnormal test results, using any of the three tests done on two different days, are needed to make the diagnosis for diabetes. A special test is needed for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes (Stenger 2). A screening test consisting of 50 g oral glucose followed by a plasma glucose determination 1 hour later. A value of greater than 140 mg, 1 hour after the 50 g load indicates the need for larger tests. The second type of diabetes that

OxyContin essays

OxyContin essays OxyContin has recently skyrocketed to being one of the most popular drugs ever. Why is it that this particular drug has sparked so much interest in so many people? What exactly is this substance, OxyContin, and why has it turned into the latest media craze? OxyContin is indicated for the management of moderate to severe pain when a continuous, around-the-clock pain-killer is needed for an extended period of time.1 Oxycodone, the main ingredient in OxyContin is an opioid agonist, which means it targets certain parts of the brain, called opiate receptors, which causes the effects of the drug.1 It is also a Schedule II controlled substance with an abuse potential similar to that of morphine, a similar narcotic painkiller.2 OxyContin tablets are supplied in 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, 80 mg, and 160mg of time-released Oxycodone.3 Oxycodone is a white, odorless crystalline powder derived from the opium alkaloid, thebaine.1 Oxycodone principal therapeutic action is analgesia, or pain removal.3 Other effects include anxiolysis, or reduction of anxiety, euphoria, or intense happiness, feelings of relaxation, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis, and cough suppression, as well as analgesia.1 The most frequent side-effects of OxyContin include constipation, nausea, somnolence, dizziness, vomiting, pruritus, headache, dry mouth, sweating, and asthenia.1 Drug interactions include enhancement of the action of skeletal muscle relaxants and produce an increased degree of respiratory depression. Oxycodone is metabolized via a specific enzyme in the liver, and other drugs that use this same enzyme interact with Oxycodone. While this enzyme in used by Oxycodone, a variety of drugs such as certain cardiovascular drugs including amiodarone and quinidine as well as polycyclic antidepressants.2 However, OxyContin is not the only drug on the market that contains Oxycodone, so why is it that OxyContin is criticized than any of the others? The ...

Manage change task 3 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Manage change task 3 - Research Paper Example The change includes installing new systems in the company and to also make drastic changes to the overall processes in a number of areas of the company. The need for change has been included in the following section. Need for Change: With the changing environment and the growing competition, there is a high need for the company to implement change. This will assist the company improve itself, as well as cater to the needs of the new clientele. During any crisis period, companies evaluate themselves and work towards improving their condition to help cope up with the changing environment and also to keep up the overall performance. Similarly, here the company has evaluated the environment and is focused on developing and improving the current position by improving its internal processes and overall working. Here this is a strategic step taken by the company to meet the competition and to also manage the financial crisis period effectively. SWOT Analysis: The company’s major stre ngth lies in the fact that it has a number of employees who are well versed and highly experienced in the field. Here it is important to note that the company has been performing well, which allows them to implement change in the current time of issue. The weakness of the company however is the lack of technical knowledge to keep up with the new clients. Here the company finds the clients systems very complicated and hence needs to follow the contract agreements. If the knowledge was a little higher here in this field, then the company could have equally participated and put down their agreement criteria as well. The threats that the company faces here is the lack of newer clients and also high competition that is being faced. Also, aspects like the uncertain future, together all these provide a major form of threat to the company. Also, in terms of the opportunities, the company has a wide range of opportunities to implement better systems and to work towards improving the overall processes of the company. Here although the period involves a low number of customers, this can be used to the company’s benefit and here the company can improve their own internal systems and processes. Cost Benefit Analysis: The company plans to implement a system for a total of approx. $60,000. Here the company is planning to spend on a system which has been found to be very un – friendly and has not received the best reviews (Buchan). The company is not only implementing a un – friendly system but is also risking the chances for high levels of resistance from the staff. Here implementing this system will lead the company to achieve the order for 1 million, however will led to loss of older employees who have been in the company for over twenty years. Barriers to Change and Minimization Strategy: There are a few barriers to change that might occur here in the case of the company: a) The employees will resist change, as the change involves the use of a new sys tem and the employees are not very computer savvy. Here to resolve this issue, the main steps that can be taken by the company is to develop a good training program to assist the employees learn the systems and also be more comfortable with the new processes. Another step that can be adopted by the company is to change the teams and to make the individuals with better computer knowledge to come into the team where the new system is being adopted. In order not to lose the older employees they can be given different

Comprehensive Strategic Case Analysis of Real Chocolate Study

Comprehensive Strategic Analysis of Real Chocolate - Case Study Example The company is noted for its perfection in hand made gourmet chocolate made from finest quality ingredients with no artificial preservatives added. This paper presents a strategic analysis of the case real chocolate company using some analytical tools such as the PESTLE framework, Porter's five forces and competitive advantage etc. The paper is structured as follows, in part one using the PESTLE framework the paper analyses the environment in which the company is operating based on the case, the Five forces framework of Porter also help us to beef our analysis. Part two of the paper carries out an internal analysis of the real chocolate company, by using basic financial ratios, the SWOT matrix, to identify its competitive advantage and resources capabilities while part three of the paper now uses Porters generic strategy and the TOWS matrix. In the concluding part of the paper, using the balance scorecard some recommendation are made. PESTEL framework is used here because the analysis is concerned with the Macro-environmental influences which can better be analysed by use of the PESTEL framework. Johnson et al (2006) states that the PESTEL framework is a framework that can be used to categorise the factors that influence the business environment of an organisation into six main types including: Political Influences, Economic influences, Technological influences, Social Influences, Environmental influences, and Legal influences. (See appendix 1). The political environment of the United States was unstable following the period of the case with the then Republican government loosing popularity because of the war in Iraq the tooth for tat with Iran, its neglect of Russian on key international issues. The situation was further made worst by its war for peace captioned "war against terror". Thus, at the time of the case, the poor political climate of the States must have affected the operations of real chocolate company international expansion. In 2006, the political situation of the countries was the beans are grown affected production negatively. Economic factors that affected real chocolate companies from the case, prices vary due to monetary fluctuations, raw materials are sources from other countries, the trade between US and Canada were the stores are based are liable to exchange rate fluctuations. Social factors include growth in population. It was reported in June 2006, that the black pod, frosty pod, and witches' broom di seases could adversely affect the cacao beans if these plant diseases are not controlled. Obesity is becoming a major concern in the USA. In 1986, the Centers for Disease Control reported that just eight states had 10 to 14 percent of the residents obese. Technological factor offers real chocolate company an opportunity of automated production without affecting

Sociology Research Essay Example for Free

Sociology Research Essay Sexism is also known as  gender discrimination  or  sex discrimination, is defined as prejudice or discrimination based on sex; or behavior, conditions, or attitudes that foster stereotypes of social roles based on sex. Sexism is a form of discrimination or devaluation based on a persons sex, with such attitudes being based on beliefs in traditional stereotypes of gender roles. The term  sexism  is most often used in relation to discrimination against women, in the context of patriarchy. Sexism involves hatred of or prejudice towards a gender as a whole or the application of gender stereotypes. Sexism is often associated with gender-supremacy arguments. Gender stereotypes A 1952 magazine feature stereotyping women drivers. Gender stereotypes are widely held beliefs about the characteristics and behavior of women and men. Gender stereotypes are not only descriptive, but also prescriptive beliefs about how men and women should be and behave. Members of either sex who deviate from prescriptive gender stereotypes are punished; assertive women, for example, are called bitches whereas men who lack physical strength are seen as wimps. Empirical studies have found widely shared cultural beliefs that men are more socially valued and more competent than women at most things, as well as specific assumptions that men are better at some particular tasks (e. g. , mechanical tasks) while women are better at others (e. g. , nurturing tasks). For example,  Fiske  and colleagues surveyed nine diverse samples, from different regions of the United States, and found that members of these samples, regardless of age, consistently rated the category men higher than the category women on a multidimensional scale of competence. Gender stereotypes can facilitate and impede intellectual performance. For instance,  stereotype threat  can lower womens performance on mathematics tests due to the stereotype that women have inferior quantitative skills compared with men. Stereotypes can also affect the assessments people make of their own competence. Studies found that specific stereotypes (e. g. , women have lower mathematical ability) affect women’s and men’s perceptions of their abilities (e. g. , in math and science) such that men assess their own task ability higher than women performing at the same level. These biased self-assessments have far-reaching effects because they can shape men and women’s educational and career decisions. Gender stereotypes are sometimes applied at an early age. Various interventions were reviewed including the use of fiction in challenging gender stereotypes. For example, in a study by A. Wing, children were read  Bills New Frock  by  Anne Fine. The content of the book was discussed with them. Children were able to articulate, and reflect on, their stereotypical constructions of gender and those in the world at large. There was evidence of children considering the different treatment that boys and girls receive, and of classroom discussion enabling stereotypes to be challenged. Sexist and gender-neutral language Research has found that the use of  he  as a generic pronoun evokes a disproportionate number of male images and excludes thoughts of women in non gender-specific instances. Results also suggest that while the plural  they  functions as a generic pronoun for both males and females, males may comprehend  he/she  in a manner similar to  he, as  he  usually is placed before the dash and  she  after. This is usually done because the word  she  already contains the word  he  so it is positioned after the dash. It also has nothing to do with stereotypical gender roles. Nearing the end of the 20th century, there is a rise in gender-neutral language in western worlds, which is often attributed to the rise of  feminism. Gender-neutral language  is the avoidance of  gender-specific job titles, non parallel usage, and other usage that is considered by some to be sexist. Supporters claim that having gender–specific titles and gender–specific pronouns either implies a systemic bias to exclude individuals based on their gender or else as unnecessary in most cases as race-specific pronouns, religion-specific pronouns, or persons-height-specific pronouns. Some of those who support gender-specific pronouns assert that promoting gender-neutral language is a kind of semantics injection itself. Anthropological linguistics and gender-specific language Unlike the  Indo-European languages  in the west, for many other  languages  around the world,  gender-specific pronouns  are a recent phenomenon that occurred around the early 20th century. As a result of  colonialism, cultural revolution occurred in many parts of the world with attempts to modernize and westernize by adding gender-specific pronouns and animate-inanimate pronouns to local languages. This resulted in the situation of what was  gender-neutral pronouns  a century ago suddenly becoming gender–specific. (See for example  Gender-neutrality in languages without grammatical gender: Turkish. ) Gender-specific pejorative terms Gender–specific pejorative terms intimidate or harm another person because of their gender. Sexism can be expressed in a pseudo–subtle manner through the attachment of terms which have negative gender oriented implications  such as through  condescension. Many examples include swear words. A mildly vulgar example is the uninformative attribution of the term hag for a woman or fairy for a man. Although hag and fairy both have non-sexist interpretations, when they are used in the context of a gender–specific pejorative term these words become representations of sexist attitudes. The relationship between rape and misogyny Research into the factors which motivate perpetrators of  rape  against a specific gender, for example, women, frequently reveals patterns of hatred of said gender and pleasure in inflicting psychological and/or physical trauma, rather than sexual interest. Researchers have argued that rape is not the result of pathological individuals, but rather systems of male dominance, cultural practices and beliefs that objectify and degrade women. Mary Odem, Jody Clay-Warner and Susan Brownwiller consider sexist attitudes to be propagated by a series of myths about rape and rapists. They state that contrary to those myths, rapists often plan a rape before they choose a victim and that acquaintance rape  is the most common form of rape rather than assault by a stranger. Odem also states that these rape myths propagate sexist attitudes about men by perpetuating the thought that men cannot control their sexuality. In response to  acquaintance rape, the Men Can Stop Rape movement has been implemented. The US military has started a similar movement with the tagline My strength is for defending. Occupational sexism Occupational sexism refers to any  discriminatory  practices, statements, actions, etc. based on a persons  sex  that are present or occur in a place of  employment. One form of occupational sexism is  wage discrimination. In 2008, the  Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development  (OECD) found that while female employment rates have expanded considerably and the gender employment and wage gaps have narrowed virtually everywhere, on average, women still have 20% less of a chance to have a job and are paid 17% less than men. Moreover, the report stated: [In] many countries, labor market  discrimination  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ i. e. the unequal treatment of equally productive individuals only because they belong to a specific group – is still a crucial factor inflating disparities in employment and the quality of job opportunities [ ] Evidence presented in this edition of the  Employment Outlook  suggests that about 8% of the variation in gender employment gaps and 30% of the variation in gender wage gaps across OECD countries can be explained by discriminatory practices in the labour market. The report also found that despite the fact that almost all OECD countries, including the U. S. have established anti-discrimination laws, these laws are difficult to enforce. Gender stereotypes Gender roles  (or sex roles) are attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex. A culture that defines males as ambitious and competitive encourages them to seek out positions of leadership and play team sports. To the extent that females are defined as deferential and emotional, they are expected to be supportive helpers and quick to show their feelings. According to the  OECD, womens labor market behavior is influenced by learned cultural and social values that may be thought to discriminate against women (and sometimes against men) by stereotyping certain work and life styles as male or female. Further, the OECD argues that womens educational choices may be dictated, at least in part, by their expectations that [certain] types of employment opportunities are not available to them, as well as by gender stereotypes that are prevalent in society. There is a long record of women being excluded from participation in many professions. Often, women have gained entry into a previously male profession only to be faced with additional obstacles. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman to receive an M. D. in the  United States  and  Myra Bradwell, the first female lawyer in the state of  Illinois, illustrate the prevalence of women being excluded from certain professions and the changing culture. Professional discrimination continues today according to studies done by  Cornell University  and others. Some have hypothesized that gender bias has been influencing which scientific research gets published. This hypothesis coincides with a test conducted at the  University of Toronto  led by Amber Budden. The study showed that, in the journal  Behavioral Ecology, after implementation of double-blind review in which both the author and reviewer identity is concealed, there was an increase of 7. 9% in the number of papers authored by women. This was more than three times the increase of female ecology graduate students in the United States. In addition, women frequently earn significantly lower wages than their male counterparts who perform the same job. In the U. S. , for example, women earn an average of 23. 5% less than men. In 1833, women working in factories earned only one-quarter of mens wages, and in 2007, womens median annual paychecks reflected only $0. 78 for every $1. 00 earned by men. A study showed women comprised 87% of workers in the child care industry and 86% of the health aide industry. Some experts believe that parents play an important role in the creation of values and perceptions of their children. The fact that many girls are asked to help their mothers do housework, while many boys do technical tasks with their fathers, seems to influence their behavior and can sometimes discourage girls from performing such tasks. Girls will then think that each gender should have a specific role and behavior. A 2009 study found that being overweight harms womens career advancement but presents no barrier for men. Overweight  or  obese  women were significantly under-represented among company bosses, whereas a significant proportion of male executives were overweight or obese. The author of the study stated that the results suggest that the glass ceiling effect on womens advancement may reflect not only general negative stereotypes about the competencies of women, but also weight bias that results in the application of stricter appearance standards to women. Overweight women are evaluated more negatively than overweight men. There is a tendency to hold women to harsher weight standards. At other times, there are accusations that some traditionally female professions have been or are being eliminated by its roles being subsumed by a male dominated profession. The assumption of baby delivery roles by doctors with the subsequent decline of  midwifery  is sometimes claimed to be an example. Wage gap [pic] Euro stat  found a persisting gender pay gap of 17. 5% on average in the 27  EU Member States  in 2008. Similarly, the OECD  found that female full-time employees earned 17% less than their male counterparts across OECD countries in 2009. In the U. S. , the female-to-male earnings ratio was 0. 77 in 2009, meaning that, in 2009, female full-time, year round (FTYR) workers earned 77% as much as male FYTR workers. Womens earnings relative to mens fell from 1960 to 1980 (from 60. 7 percent to 60. 2%) and then rose rapidly from 1980 to 1990 (from 60. 2% to 71. 6%), and less rapidly from 1990 to 2000 (from 71. 6% to 73. 7%) and from 2000 to 2009 (from 73. 7% to 77. 0%). At the time when the first  Equal Pay Act  was passed in 1963, female full-time workers earned 58. 9% as much as male full-time workers. The gender pay gap has been attributed to differences in personal and workplace characteristics between women and men (education, hours worked, occupation etc. as well as direct and indirect discrimination in the labor market (gender stereotypes, customer and employer bias, etc. ). Studies always find that some portion of the gender pay gap remains unexplained even after controlling factors that are assumed to influence earnings. The unexplained portion of the wage gap is attributed to gender discrimination. The estimates for the discriminatory component of the gender pay gap vary widely. The OECD estimated that approximately 30% of the gender pay gaps across OECD countries is due to discrimination. Australian research shows that discrimination accounts for approximately 60% of the wage differentials between women and men. Studies examining the gender pay gap in the United States  show that large parts of the wage differential remain unexplained even after controlling for factors that affect pay. One study examined college graduates and found that the portion of the pay gap that remains unexplained after all other factors are taken into account is 5% one year after graduating college and 12% 10 years after graduation. Research done at  Cornell University  and elsewhere indicates that mothers are less likely to get hired than equally qualified fathers and, if hired, would be paid a lower salary than male applicants with children. The  OECD  found that a significant impact of children on women’s pay is generally found in the United Kingdom and the United States. ]  Fathers, on the other hand, earn  $7,500 more on average that than men without children. Glass ceiling The term glass ceiling is used to describe a perceived barrier to advancement based on discrimination, particularly gender discrimination. In academic achievement, great improvements have been made. However, as of 1995 in the United States, women received about half of all Masters degrees, but 95 to 97% of the senior managers of Fortune 1000 Industrial and Fortune 500 companies were male and in the Fortune 2000 Industrial and service companies, only 5% of senior managers were women. The  United Nations  asserts progress in bringing women into leadership and decision making positions around the world remains far too slow. Objectification Some argue that  sexual objectification  is a form of sexism. Some countries, such as  Norway  and  Denmark, have laws against sexual objectification in advertising. Nudity itself is not banned, and nude people can be used to advertise a product, but only if they are relevant to what is being advertised. Sol Olving, head of Norways Kreativt Forum, an association of the countrys top advertising agencies, explained, You could have a naked person advertising shower gel or a cream, but not a woman in a bikini draped across a car. Sexism in the Workplace Sexism in education is clearly associated with sexism in the workplace. When women are expected to â€Å"stay in the home,† they are unable to access the necessary educational resources to compete with men in the job market. If by chance they are able to secure a position, women may be less prepared educationally for the task, and thus draw lower wages. In recent decades more women have entered the United States workforce. After WWII (from about 1947), about 30 percent of women were employed outside the home; today, at the start of the 21st century, the figure is well over 50 percent. (Some estimates approach 75 percent if â€Å"part-time† jobs are included. Yet women are far from treated equally on the job. Typically, they hold lower-paying, lower-status jobs than men. In fact, women may account for only 25 percent of the upper-level managers in large corporations. And although half of the employees in the largest, most prestigious firms around the United States may be women, perhaps as few as 5 percent or less actually hold senior positions. In general, women are under-represented in the higher-status, higher-paying occupations, such as university teaching, law, engineering, and medicine. In contrast, women are over-represented in the lower-paying occupations, such as public-school teaching, nursing, and secretarial work. In stereotypical female jobs, referred to as  womens ghettos, women are subordinate to the positions of men. For example, executives supervise secretaries who are likely to be women, and lawyers supervise paralegals, who are also likely to be women. Women in the same jobs as men usually earn less, even though these women may have the same or better training, education, and skills. As a general statistic, women make only 60 percent or less than men in comparable positions. Why this disparity? Sociologists speculate that, in some cases, the fact that women often must take time off to have and raise children interrupts their career path. As much as Americans may hate to admit it, women in the United States still bear the primary responsibilities of child-rearing. Conflicting demands may partly explain why married women with children are more likely to leave their jobs than are childless and single women. Also, men are seen as the â€Å"chief bread winners,† so the belief is that they should be paid more than women in order to support their families. Whatever the reason, paying women less than men for equally demanding work is discrimination.

WHO CAN CATCH A LIAR?’, Ekman and O’Sullivan, 1991. Essay -- English L

WHO CAN CATCH A LIAR?’, Ekman and O’Sullivan, 1991. What is the definition of lying or indeed deception? Well deception can be defined in many ways, but it was termed by Vrij (Vrij, 2000, p.6) as a successful or unsuccessful deliberate attempt, without forewarning, to create in another a belief, which the communicator considers to be untrue. Telling lies is a daily life event, which varies in quite complex ways depending on the situation the person is in and the person being lied to. People lie for all kinds of reasons. However half the lies are either self–orientated, and are therefore intended to make the liar appear better or to gain personal advantage (DePaulo et al., 1996). Self– orientated lies consist of people lying in order to avoid punishment, to make a positive impression on others or to protect themselves. Some lies are other–orientated, to make another person feel better or for another’s benefit. How can you tell if someone is lying to you? People generally believe that nonverbal cues to deception exist and they know what these cues are; but how accurate are people at detecting lies? In laboratory studies concerning detection of deception, observers are given videotaped or audiotaped statements of various people who are either lying or telling the truth. After each statement the participant is asked to judge whether the statement are true or false. In most studies reported, people have not been very good at judging when people are lying. Average accuracy in detecting deceit has rarely been above 60% with 50% being chance and most people have performed below 50%. Studies revealed that in three separate experiments conducted by Kraut and Poe (1980) DePaulo and Pfeifer (1986) and Ko... ...ussed in the appropriate section of the study, therefore this could be an area that could be further explored in the future. On the whole in conclusion, the study has established the extent to which people are able to detect lies by observing physiological responses. Mistakes in lie detection are inevitable, but perhaps with the correct training, experience and motivation we may become specialists in detecting lies. But is this possible?. In my opinion in both theoretical and practical terms; this is a sound work on a vital subject. Although room for further research is needed. REFERENCES ---------- Aldert Vrij, (2002) ‘Telling and Detecting Lies’ chapter 4, in Nicola Brace and Helen Westcott (ed) ‘Applying Psychology’ The Open University Journal article – Paul Ekman and Maureen O’Sullivan (1991) ‘Who Can Catch A Liar’ Vol.46, no 9, pp.913-930

“What Factors Contribute to Infant Mortality in Developed and Less Developed Countries?”

â€Å"What factors contribute to infant mortality in developed and less developed countries? † â€Å"Infant mortality is the number of deaths among live-born infants from birth to under age one† (Sidscenter. org, n. d. ). According to a National Vital Statistics Report in 2006, the leading causes of Infant Mortality in the U. S. were deformities, low birth weight, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, maternal complications, unintentional injuries, respiratory distress of the newborn, bacterial sepsis, neonatal haemorrhage and diseases of the circulatory system (Heron, M. P. , Murphy, S. L. , Xu, J. Q. , Kochanek, K. D. , & Tejada-Vera, B. , 2006). Studies show that in less developed countries around the world some factors contributing to infant mortality are economic development, level of educational attainment, level of female educational attainment and level of expenditure on public health (Nobles, J. , Shandra, J. M. , & London, B. , 2003). In underdeveloped countries around the world, many actions need to be taken to decrease the infant mortality rate. Because of low female education about pregnancy, unlike in developed nations, women are not aware of the importance of breastfeeding in the first six months of a newborn’s life, vital antibodies are given to the child through breastfeeding. Babies in underdeveloped countries who are supplemented with tap water are at risk of infection because of contamination due to the lack of sanitation systems, this means children can die from infection, or, more commonly, dehydration from diarrhoea. In countries with malaria carrying mosquitos and other disease carrying insects, the use of insecticide sprayed sleeping nets is available, but due to low income, the cost of these nets, around five dollars, is a large percentage of many people’s gross incomes (Balbierz, A. N. n. d. ). â€Å"The goal of these nets is the protection of sleeping infants from contractile diseases† (Balbierz, A. N. n. d. ). Vaccination is another important way to prevent disease and therefore, infant mortality. UNICEF developed a network of vaccine refrigerators and trained health care workers that were strategically placed in disease stricken areas of developing countries. † (Peck, P. , 2003). Nutrition for all people as well as mothers and infants needs to be addressed in these underdeveloped nations, prenatal and postnatal care, vaccination and health promotion would all help in reducing the infant mortality rate in many countries around the orld, as well as increasing the health a nd quality for life for all the people in these countries (Peck, P. , 2003). The Academy for Educational Development, AED, is an organization that is working hard to make infant mortality rates decrease, â€Å"each day 80 newborns die in Mali, every three hours a woman in Mali dies due to complications from pregnancy or childbirth† (Academy for Educational Development [AED], 2004). The AED has created a team of 20 people; including a mid-wife, paediatrician, statistician, economist, sociologist, and educator; these people have â€Å"reviewed both local and international surveys, studies, and reports to estimate the cost of inadequate maternal and newborn health services in terms of the number of lives lost and the economic impact on their country† (AED, 2004). Two ways this team of professionals plans to address infant mortality in Mali is by the ‘Reduce’ and ‘Alive’ approaches. The ‘Reduce’ strategy will look at mothers not seeking help in time, not being able to reach health care services due to lack of transportation, and the delay of help when they do reach hospitals or clinics. The ‘Alive’ strategy will look at the cleanliness of the delivery and the cutting of the umbilical cord, the wrapping of the baby in blankets and the cleaning of the baby after delivery, and breastfeeding lessons soon after birth. Breastfeeding is one of the most important factors in this strategy, especially because of the Colostrum which is produced in the mother’s mammary glands which helps build the infants immunity. Income, education and medical care are key factors in the infant mortality rate in underdeveloped countries, as well as community influence and its social and economic wellbeing, an infant needs support from family, community and the government to ensure infant survival (Buckely, K. A. , Koontz, A. M. , & Casey, S. , 1998). Infant mortality in developed countries is declining in recent years, in Australia the Infant Mortality Rate is higher due to the deaths among Indigenous infants. The decrease in the amount of deaths is largely due to improvements in social public health conditions, immunisation, and antibiotics. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome has been reduced due to the education of mothers in wrapping their children tightly and placing them on their back or side when sleeping (New South Wales Department of Health, 2008). The main causes of Infant Mortality in developed countries is eformities that develop during the growth of the foetus in the womb, disorders developed due to premature births and low birth weights, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, maternal complications during pregnancy, and respiratory distress in a newborn (International Medical News Group, 2004). Unlike in underdeveloped countries, lack of education and poverty is not as much of a prevalent cause for the death of infants, developed c ountries also have less exposure to diseases, especially ones carried by insects etc. However, when we look at the highest Infant Mortality Rates around the world, and discover that they are highest in poor and underdeveloped countries, we cannot assume its causes are only present in here. For example: the Indigenous people of Australia have higher Infant deaths because they are not educated as well as caucasian citizens, their involvement in the education system is often small and their socio-economic status is often low (Richer, K. , Godfrey, J. , Partington, G. , Harslett, M. , & Harrison, B. , 1998). All around the world developed countries have ghettos or poor areas, and in these areas similar conditions could be causes of Infant Mortality like in underdeveloped nations. Infant Mortality cannot be eliminated, but it can be combated and reduced significantly worldwide. Public Health issues are highly affected by poverty, to which there is no solution. Even though poverty does make the Infant Mortality Rate a lot higher, it does not mean the mortality rate discriminates to one class of people either. Infant Mortality is found in all income levels, urban and rural areas, in all countries all over the world. In 2004, the Institute of Medicine said that â€Å"a lack of health insurance coverage causes 18,000 unnecessary deaths per year† (James, J. S. , 2010) in the U. S. alone. This could be reduced significantly, and with volunteers and international cooperation, Infant Mortality Rates can be reduced. BIBLIOGRAPHY Academy for Educational Development. AED Advocacy Models Help Combat Infant and Maternal Mortality. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from http://www. aed. org/News/Stories/reduce-and-alive. cfm Balbierz, A. N. (n. d. ). Infant Mortality. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from http://www. cwru. du/med/epidbio/mphp439/Infant_Mortality. htm Buckely, K. A. , Koontz, A. M. , & Casey, S. (1998). Fetal and Immortality Review. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from http://www. acog. org/departments/dept_notice. cfm? recno=10&bulletin=4752 Heron, M. P. , Murphy, S. L. , Xu, J. Q. , Kochanek, K. D. , & Tejada-Vera, B. Deaths: Final data for 2006. National Vital Statistics Reports, 57(14). International Medical News Group. (2004). Top five causes for infant mortality. OB/GYN News. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0CYD/is_10_39/ai_n6078883/ James, J. S. (2010). Institute of Medicine Calls for Universal Health Insurance by 2010. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from http://www. aidsnews. org/2004/01/IOM. html National Sudden and Unexpected Infant/Child Death & Pregnancy Loss Resource Center. Definitions. Retrieved March 28, 2010, from http://www. sidscenter. org/definitions. html New South Wales Department of Health. (2008). International rankings of infant mortality. Sydney: Report of the Chief Health Officer. Nobles, J. , Shandra, J. M. , & London, B. (2003). â€Å"Dependency, Democracy, Education, and Infant Mortality: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis of Less Developed Countries†. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Atlanta Hilton Hotel, Atlanta, GA Online . 2009-05-26 from http://www. allacademic. com/meta/p107575_index. html Peck, P. (2003). 11 Million Forgotten Children. Retrieved March, 29, 2010, from http://www. countercurrents. org/archive02-01150703. htm Richer, K. , Godfrey, J. , Partington, G. , Harslett, M. , Harrison, B. (1998). Attitudes of Aboriginal students to further education. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from http://www. aare. edu. au/98pap/ric98095. htm

Amy Beach (Mrs. H. H. A. Beach)